Several studies have now shown that tVNS can achieve therapeutically effective results that approximate those of invasive vagus nerve stimulation (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice).
For instance, research reports clinically relevant improvements in patients with depression or epilepsy treated with tVNS – consistent with the known successes of implanted VNS (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice).
The major advantage is clear: tVNS does not require surgery, making it a much gentler approach that could be used earlier in the course of therapy (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice).
Furthermore, tVNS is being investigated as a neuromodulatory therapy for various other indications. Examples include tinnitus, migraine, and chronic pain syndromes, where promising effects have been observed through stimulation at the ear or neck (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice).
Initial pilot studies, for example, suggest that tVNS can reduce symptom intensity in chronic tinnitus and normalize certain brain activity patterns (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice) (Frontiers | Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice).
The use of vagus nerve stimulation is also being investigated in pain therapy (e.g., fibromyalgia, cluster headache) and for inflammatory diseases – driven by the understanding that the vagus nerve influences the immune system via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ( A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention – PMC ).
Studies on rheumatoid arthritis and asthma patients showed anti-inflammatory effects from VNS, raising hopes for new treatment approaches ( A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention – PMC ).
While more extensive clinical studies are still needed for many of these indications, the potential of tVNS already extends across a broad spectrum of specialties – from neurology and psychiatry to gastroenterology (irritable bowel treatment) and cardiology (atrial fibrillation therapy approaches).
A central research area is the effect of tVNS on heart rate variability (HRV).
HRV – the natural fluctuation in the time intervals between heartbeats – is considered an important marker for the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. A high HRV value indicates healthy vagal tone and adaptability of the cardiovascular system, while low HRV is often associated with stress and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Several studies demonstrate that tVNS can significantly increase HRV (Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and heart rate variability: Analysis of parameters and targets – PubMed).
Vagus nerve stimulation shifts the autonomic balance towards the parasympathetic system, which is measurably visible as an increase in, for example, the RMSSD index or the high-frequency component of HRV shortly thereafter (Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and heart rate variability: Analysis of parameters and targets – PubMed).
In a controlled pilot study on healthy subjects, tVNS via the ear tragus, for example, led to a significant increase in vagus-mediated HRV compared to sham stimulation (The effect of bilateral transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability and impulsivity – Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation).
This result supports the assumption that tVNS activates the "relaxation nerve" and thus brings about objectively verifiable physiological changes.